137 research outputs found
Social diversity favors the emergence of cooperative behavior
Throughout their life, humans often engage in public goods games in situations ranging from family related issues to global warming. In all cases, the tragedy of the commons threatens the possibility of reaching the optimal solution associated with global cooperation. Up to now, individuals have been treated as equivalent in all respects, in sharp contrast with real life situations, where diversity abounds. Here we discuss the results reported in [Santos et al. Nature (2008) 454:213-6], where we show how social diversity provides an escape from this paradox. We investigate the impact of social diversity in the evolution of cooperation in complex networks of interaction. We show that the diversity in the number and size of the collective endeavors each individual participates and with the individual contribution to each investment promotes cooperation. The enhancement of cooperation is particularly strong when both wealth and social ties follow a power-law distribution, providing clues on the self-organization of social communities.SCOPUS: cp.pinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Personalized Predictive ASR for Latency Reduction in Voice Assistants
Streaming Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) in voice assistants can utilize
prefetching to partially hide the latency of response generation. Prefetching
involves passing a preliminary ASR hypothesis to downstream systems in order to
prefetch and cache a response. If the final ASR hypothesis after endpoint
detection matches the preliminary one, the cached response can be delivered to
the user, thus saving latency. In this paper, we extend this idea by
introducing predictive automatic speech recognition, where we predict the full
utterance from a partially observed utterance, and prefetch the response based
on the predicted utterance. We introduce two personalization approaches and
investigate the tradeoff between potential latency gains from successful
predictions and the cost increase from failed predictions. We evaluate our
methods on an internal voice assistant dataset as well as the public SLURP
dataset.Comment: Accepted for Interspeech 202
Self-organization of punishment in structured populations
Cooperation is crucial for the remarkable evolutionary success of the human
species. Not surprisingly, some individuals are willing to bare additional
costs in order to punish defectors. Current models assume that, once set, the
fine and cost of punishment do not change over time. Here we show that relaxing
this assumption by allowing players to adapt their sanctioning efforts in
dependence on the success of cooperation can explain both, the spontaneous
emergence of punishment, as well as its ability to deter defectors and those
unwilling to punish them with globally negligible investments. By means of
phase diagrams and the analysis of emerging spatial patterns, we demonstrate
that adaptive punishment promotes public cooperation either through the
invigoration of spatial reciprocity, the prevention of the emergence of cyclic
dominance, or through the provision of competitive advantages to those that
sanction antisocial behavior. Presented results indicate that the process of
self-organization significantly elevates the effectiveness of punishment, and
they reveal new mechanisms by means of which this fascinating and widespread
social behavior could have evolved.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures; accepted for publication in New Journal of
Physic
The evolution of prompt reaction to adverse ties
SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Cancer phenotype as the outcome of an evolutionary game between normal and malignant cells
There is variability in the cancer phenotype across individuals: two patients with the same tumour may experience different disease life histories, resulting from genetic variation within the tumour and from the interaction between tumour and host. Until now, phenotypic variability has precluded a clear-cut identification of the fundamental characteristics of a given tumour type.Journal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Evolutionary advantages of adaptive rewarding
Our wellbeing depends as much on our personal success, as it does on the
success of our society. The realization of this fact makes cooperation a very
much needed trait. Experiments have shown that rewards can elevate our
readiness to cooperate, but since giving a reward inevitably entails paying a
cost for it, the emergence and stability of such behavior remain elusive. Here
we show that allowing for the act of rewarding to self-organize in dependence
on the success of cooperation creates several evolutionary advantages that
instill new ways through which collaborative efforts are promoted. Ranging from
indirect territorial battle to the spontaneous emergence and destruction of
coexistence, phase diagrams and the underlying spatial patterns reveal
fascinatingly reach social dynamics that explains why this costly behavior has
evolved and persevered. Comparisons with adaptive punishment, however, uncover
an Achilles heel of adaptive rewarding that is due to over-aggression, which in
turn hinders optimal utilization of network reciprocity. This may explain why,
despite of its success, rewarding is not as firmly weaved into our societal
organization as punishment.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures; accepted for publication in New Journal of
Physic
Counterfactual thinking in cooperation dynamics
Counterfactual Thinking is a human cognitive ability studied in a wide
variety of domains. It captures the process of reasoning about a past event
that did not occur, namely what would have happened had this event occurred,
or, otherwise, to reason about an event that did occur but what would ensue had
it not. Given the wide cognitive empowerment of counterfactual reasoning in the
human individual, the question arises of how the presence of individuals with
this capability may improve cooperation in populations of self-regarding
individuals. Here we propose a mathematical model, grounded on Evolutionary
Game Theory, to examine the population dynamics emerging from the interplay
between counterfactual thinking and social learning (i.e., individuals that
learn from the actions and success of others) whenever the individuals in the
population face a collective dilemma. Our results suggest that counterfactual
reasoning fosters coordination in collective action problems occurring in large
populations, and has a limited impact on cooperation dilemmas in which
coordination is not required. Moreover, we show that a small prevalence of
individuals resorting to counterfactual thinking is enough to nudge an entire
population towards highly cooperative standards.Comment: 18 page
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